Arctic Fox

The Arctic fox is a small mammal that lives across the Arctic regions of North America, Europe and Asia. It is well adapted to one of the coldest environments on Earth. Its compact body, short ears, furry footpads and thick winter coat help reduce heat loss. During winter, most Arctic foxes have white fur that blends into the snowy landscape, while many turn brown or grey in summer to match exposed rocks and tundra vegetation.

Not every population changes colour, however. In some coastal areas, a blue morph keeps a dark coat throughout the year. Thanks to excellent hearing and a keen sense of smell, the Arctic fox can detect prey hidden beneath the snow and leap to catch it. It mainly feeds on lemmings and other small rodents, but also eats birds, eggs, fish, insects, berries and carrion when available.

Life in the Arctic depends on making the most of every opportunity, and the Arctic fox is remarkably adaptable. It often follows polar bears to feed on scraps left behind after a hunt, while storing extra food in small caches for leaner times. Breeding takes place in spring, and the female raises her cubs in a large underground den that may be used by generations of foxes.

Litter size varies with food availability and can be especially large when lemmings are abundant. Although adults have few natural predators, young foxes may be taken by wolves, golden eagles or other carnivores. Climate change, shifting ecosystems and competition with the larger red fox are increasing challenges in parts of its range, making long-term conservation important.