Judo

Judo is a Japanese martial art and Olympic combat sport based on throws, pins and controlled grappling techniques. Two opponents, called judoka, compete on a padded mat known as a tatami. The aim is to score by executing a technique with sufficient control and force, or by holding an opponent in a valid pin for the required time. A contest can also be decided by submission through a legal choke or arm lock. Striking techniques are not used in modern judo competition.

Judoka wear a jacket and trousers called a judogi and follow rules designed to protect both athletes. Competition is divided into weight categories, and official matches are usually contested for four minutes in senior individual events, with extra time used when necessary. Referees evaluate techniques according to their quality and control. A clean, powerful throw that meets the highest scoring criteria can end the contest immediately with an ippon.

Judo relies on the interaction of balance, timing, leverage and controlled force rather than simply on physical strength. Before a throw, a judoka may disturb the opponent’s balance by moving them in a chosen direction, then position the body and use the legs, hips or arms to complete the technique. The effect of a throw depends on factors such as the athletes’ positions, their movement and the forces exchanged through contact. During training, repeated falls are practiced safely so that judoka learn how to protect the head and reduce the impact on the body.

This skill is called ukemi, or breakfalling. Regular practice can improve strength, balance, coordination, mobility, reaction speed and body awareness. Judo also develops concentration and the ability to adapt quickly to an opponent’s movement. Because throws and grappling can place substantial stress on joints and muscles, safe practice requires proper instruction, progressive training, suitable mats and respect for the rules. These principles are important at every level, from beginners learning basic movements to experienced competitors.